Effect of time of eCG administration on the fate of ovarian follicle in Holstein heifers

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of equine chorionic gonadotropin [eCG] on ovarian follicles at three stages of development [emergence, dominance and early static phases] during the first follicular wave [FFW] in Holstein heifers. Heifers [n=20] were randomly assigned into four experimental groups [n=5 in each group]. Heifers received eCG [500 IU; Folligon®; Intervet, Holland; i.m] a] on the day of follicle emergence [day of ovulation; group 1], b] on the dominant phase [dominant follicle [DF]: the first day in which follicle was observed at >/= 10 mm; group 2, and c] on the early static phase [group 3] of the FFW. Control group heifers did not receive any treatment. Daily ultrasonography was conducted to monitor ovarian structure throughout estrous cycle. All treatment group heifers, regardless of the stage of follicle development, displayed follicle growth after eCG injection. Administration of eCG, in group 1, hastened DF detection and induced co-dominant follicles; whereas, in groups 2 and 3, it delayed DF regression, and increased cycle length compared to control. In all treatment group heifers, DF was present 84 h after eCG injection. Maximum diameter of corpus luteum was larger in eCG treated groups compared to control [P<0.05]. In conclusion, depending on the time of eCG administration throughout the FFW [emergence, dominant and early static phases], co-dominancy, maintenance of DF, enhancement of follicle and corpus luteum growth and increase in estrous cycle length could be observed in Holstein heifers

Isolation and identification of molds flora in external genital tract of healthy mares

Background: Microorganisms are responsible for development of many diseases, which directly or indirectly affect reproductive performance in mares, like various animal species. Fungi are present at mucous membranes of reproductive tract as mycoflora in warm blooded animals

Objectives: The aim of this study was isolation and identification of molds of external reproductive tract in mares

Methods: Samples were collected from genital tract of 151 mares in different ages from horse breeding farms and clubs suburb of Tehran from April to December, 2014. Age, pregnancy, insemination and mating were recorded. Samples were taken by sterile cotton swabs from 3 different sites, [1] vestibule, [2] clitoral fossa and [3] vagina and transferred under cold condition to the laboratory of Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran,Iran. Samples were inoculated in Sabouraud glucose agar supplemented with antibiotic [chlor-amphenicol; 0.005] and kept at 30°C for 10-15 days before being considered negative. Fungal identification relied on morphologic and physiologic features. SPSS Version 20 was used for statistical analysis of the data

Results: Totally, 666 filamentous fungi colonies were isolated. Maximum colony [CFUs] were 20 and 37 colonies for each site and horse, respectively. In total, 81.5 percent of mares and 48.3 percent of different sites were positive. The most predominant isolates were Aspergillus spp 362[54.35%], Scopulariop-sis 93[13.96%], Cladosporium 35[5.25%], Penicillium 31[4.65%], Alternaria 26[3.90%], Fusarium 20[3.03%]. Aspergillus took high occurrence with 362 and A. fumigatus with 156 colonies followed by Scopulariopsis 93, Cladosporium 35 and Pencillium 31. A. fumigatus had significant difference among other fungi p<0.05. Among sites, 39.51% for filamentous fungi and 8.17% for both filamentous fungi and yeasts were positive.265

Conclusions: Isolated filamentous fungi could be resident flora of external reproductive tract of mares. These saprophytic pathogen fungi in predisposing conditions could be causative agents of endometritis and infertility in mares

[Acute necrotizing encephalopathy childhood: a case report]

Acute necrotizing encephalopathy [ANEC] is a rare illness with high incidence in East Asia. It is accompanied with respiratory infection, gastrointestinal infections, and high fever with quick impaired consciousness, and convulsion. In this case report, Turkmen 6 month's girl that was introduced after an infection with no disease or clinical abnormalities. She was vaccinated accordingly; initially she had fever with generalized tonic-clonic convulsion [seizures] for 5 to 10 minutes level of consciousness decreased later on. She was transferred to Talghani Medicat Education center in nortern Iran. At the time of admition her vital signs were as below: RR: 30, GCS: 8-9, RP: 110, BP: 90/80. In the patient's history, there was neither Trauma history, nor food or drug poisoning, also no clinical history. After convulsion, the level of consciousness decreased and serum biochemistry showed normal electrolytes concentration. In further follow - up, AST increased to 98 units, ALT to 58 units, and ammonium to 215 units. In CSF Sample, protein level increased to 330 units, without any avidences of pleocytosis, blood, or Serum glucose drop. In CT without contract, hypodensity the cornea in thalamus and caudate cores were seen in 2 sides. The ventricles were normal and there were no signs of bleeding and pressure. In brain M.R.I, abnormal signal in 2 sides, blood samples cultivation, CSF, and testing urine for bacterial infection were negative. The patient was diagnosed with necrotizing encephalopathy and subsequently was treated with metyle prednisolone [20 mg daily]. During hospitalization, level of consciousness increased and fever stopped. There was not recurrence of convulsion, but the patients still had some problems in moving, verbal and communication

influence of administration of different doses of arginine and lysine coupled with zinc in the lactating ewes on the zinc concentration in milk

Zinc [Zn] plays an essential role in the human and animal body system. Zinc deficiency might cause many disorders, so it is important to provide a sufficient amount of this microelement in both animals and humans. One of the most important sources of Zn is milk. The purpose of this study was to determine whether Zn can pass through the mammary epithelial cell into milk by a cotransport system with amino acid in the lactating ewes. This experimental research included 54 lactating ewes collected from the Agriculture-Jahad Organization of Tehran Province, that were allocated into 9 groups as follows: groups which received inorganic form as Zn chloride [1, 2 and 4 mg/kg], and groups which received organic Zn with different doses of arginine or lysine [1, 2 and 4 mg/kg] in chelate form. Milk samples were taken 30 min before and 6 h after intravenous injection of Zn preparations. Zinc concentration in milk was measured using the flame atomic absorption spectrometric method. There were no significant differences [P>0.05] between groups in Zn concentration of the milk before administration of inorganic or organic Zn. Data analysis showed that administration of inorganic Zn caused a significant increase of Zn concentration in the milk in a dose dependent manner. While administration of arginine or lysine with Zn in chelate form caused a significant decline in Zn concentration of milk compared to inorganic Zn in a dose dependent manner. According to our results, administration of different forms of Zn influenced the Zn concentration in milk

[Effect of weight bearing symmetry modification on balance and gait function in individuals with chronic stroke]

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of compelled weight bearing with therapeutic exercise on functional test results of balance and gait in individuals with stroke. 32 hemi-paretic patients in experimental and control groups [16 patients in each group] participated in this study. Patients in the experimental group wore shoes for 6 weeks with a lift of 6 mm thickness embedded in non-paretic side to increase weight symmetry and performed balance and gait re-education exercises for 90 minutes daily. Patients of the control group only received therapeutic exercises. Assessments were included percentage of body weight on the affected limb, gait velocity; stride length, timed up and go and Berg Balance Scale tests that were recorded in both groups before and after treatment and 3 months after the end of treatment. All variables showed significant improvement following treatment and improvement effects were maintained during follow up examinations. In the experimental group, percentage of weight bearing on the paretic limb also increased significantly in follow up. The percentage of weight bearing on the paretic limb and BBS score increased more in the experimental group than in the control group [P=0.001]. Compelled weight bearing on the paretic limb and re-education of balance and gait caused more improvement in weight symmetry and functional balance in individuals with chronic stroke

[Effect of selected trainings on muscle function and body composition in girls with mental retardation]

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of selected trainings on muscle function in girls with mental retardation. Twenty-three girls with mental retardation [IQ 50-70] were selected and randomly divided into the control [n=10] and experimental [n=13] groups. The experimental group participated in selected trainings for 1 month, 4 sessions a week, with an intensity of 60-80% of maximum heart rate. Before and after the training program, muscle function including static balance, dynamic balance, muscle force and fatigue index, along with the body composition parameters of the participants were recorded. Data were analyzed using independent t and ANCOVA tests [alpha<0.05]. Results showed that selected trainings significantly increased static balance during open and closed eyes; however, it did not have a significant effect on dynamic balance, muscle force, muscle fatigue index, and body composition. Girls with mental retardation may apply the selected training to improve their static balance and delay fatigue; however, more studies are required to assess the effect of these kind of trainings on the other muscle function indices and body composition

[Effectiveness of solution- focused brief therapy [SFBT] on couple burnout and divorce tendency in married women]

Introduction: Couple burnout is one of the problems that is a main reason for emotional divorce because of its adverse and destructive effects on marital system and creating psycho-emotional distance in a couple, and this problem, if untreated, will prepare the grounds for formal divorce. The solution-focused brief therapy is a postmodern approach in couple therapy and family therapy which focuses on finding solutions by the client in cooperation with the therapist. In this study we investigated the effectiveness of solution-focused brief therapy in couple burnout and divorce tendency among married women

Methods: This research is a quasi-experimental study and pretest-posttest with control group design is used. The population consists of all married women with marital conflicts and problems who have visited Golha House of health, located in the 6[th] district of Tehran city in the second half of 2013. In this study, the sampling method was available sampling. Thus, 30 women who were qualified to participate in meetings and had earned the highest scores in the survey questionnaire were selected, and they were placed in experimental and control groups through random assignment [each n=15]. The data gathering tools in this study were pains couple burnout measure [CBM] and the Divorce Tendency Scale of Roswelt, Jonson and, Moro [DTS] 1986, which were completed by the subjects in the pretest. The intervention group was exposed to solution-focused brief therapy for seven two-hour sessions in groups, in a step-by-step manner with the sequence of one session per week. But no intervention was performed in the control group. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics methods and through multivariate analysis of covariance [MANCOVA] in software SPSS20

Results: The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed a significant reduction in couple burnout and divorce tendency [P= 0.000] of married women after performing solution-focused brief therapy. The mean and standard devietion of couple burnout and divorce tendency of interference group in pretest respectively was 113/6 +/- 20/04 and 126/53 +/- 31/12 and in post test stage was 94/6 +/- 21/69 and 102/26 +/- 22/15. In control group also mean and standard devietion of couple burnout and divorce tendency before interference respectively was108/53 +/- 16/68 and 106/46 +/- 27/21 and after interference was 106/93 +/- 28/16

Conclusion: According to the findings of this research, it can be concluded that solution-focused brief therapy has been able to be effective in reducing couple burnout and divorce tendency among married women. Counselors and family therapists can use this short-term, efficient and effective therapy approach to solve marital conflicts and help people to improve their marital relationships

[Experiences of self-management of type I diabetes in adolescents: a phenomenological study]

Introduction: This study aimed to examine the concept of self-management of type I diabetes in adolescents

Materials and Methods: This study used the Van Manen's six-step hermeneutic phenomenological approach to examine the concept of self management of type-1 diabetes among Iranian adolescents, with the disorders Eight adolescents, aged 13-18 years, diagnosed with type I diabetes at least one year ago, were recruited. Mean age of the adolescents was 16 years, the mean duration of suffering was 3 years and 10 months and the mean length of interviews was 35 min, and 27 sec. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. After each interview, data were analyzed by the research team. Each interview was a guide for the next interview, the questions of which were changed based on the data obtained from the previous interview. Field notes were also used as an instrument to collect data

Results: This study extracted 7 themes, including productive interaction, self-efficacy achievement, self-regulation achievement, overcoming problems, future prospects and "diabetes, a part of life", A theme not previously observed in other studies was maintaining appearances among these adolescents

Conclusion: This study showed that Iranian adolescents with diabetes type 1 are eager to participate in selfcare and self-management

effect of increasing weight bearing on the paretic side on pattern of muscular activity during walking in stroke patients

Background: Gait disorder is a common motor complication after stroke. Studies have revealed that conventional physiotherapy cannot manage this disorder efficiently; therefore, more studies regarding efficient treatment protocols are crucial. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of compelled weight-bearing approach on muscle activation patterns during walking in individuals with stroke

Methods: 24 hemiparetic patients participated in this study. Patients were randomly divided into 2 groups: experimental and control. The experimental group received increased weight bearing on the paretic leg via a shoe lift in addition to physical therapy for 6 weeks. The control group received only physical therapy. Laboratory assessments included weight-bearing symmetry ratio and electromyographic parameters recored from the medial gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, rectus femoris and biceps femoris. The amplitude and duration of electromyographic activity for each subject was then calculated during the stance and swing phases of their gait cycle. All measurements were compared within and between groups after the termination of treatment

Results: After treatment, weight-bearing symmetry ratio improved significantly in the experimental group. Additionally, the electromyographic activity of paretic medial gastrocnemius increased significantly during the stance phase while activity duration of paretic rectus femoris decreased significantly in swing phase. In the control group, the weight-bearing symmetry ratio didn't change significantly. Only activity duration of non-paretic rectus femoris decreased significantly in swing phase

Conclusion: The results show that compelled weight bearing on the paretic side improve amplitude and the timing for activity of some muscles in the lower limbs during walking

Phenotypic and genotypic diversity of dominant lactic acid bacteria isolated from traditional yoghurts produced by tribes of Iran

Morphological, biochemical and molecular characteristics were studied to identify dominant lactic acid bacteria [LAB], isolated from traditional yoghurts produced by tribes of Iran. From 60 yoghurt samples, a total of 137 LAB isolates were determined, in which 66 and 71 were identified as lactic acid cocci and bacilli, respectively. Biochemical tests showed the occurrence of 9.76% mesophilic homofermentative, 10.98% mesophilic hetrofermentative, 26.83% thermophilic homofermentative and 47.56% mesophilic homofermentative cocci. As for lactic acid bacilli, mesophilic facultative hetrofermentative [26%]; thermophilic obligate homofermentative [56%]; mesophilic obligate hetrofermentative [18%] were found. Genetically the presence of the following species were verified: E. faecium, E. faecalis, E. durans; L. lactis subsp. lactis/ St. thermophilus', Lb. delbruecki subsp. bulgaricus; Lb. brevis/ Lb. diolivorans'Lb. helveticus; Lb. jensenii; Lb. plantarum. 9% of the Lactobacillus isolates showed incompatible results between phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. From the cocci isolates, 38.46% showed identical results between phylogenetic characteristics. The current study constitutes the first step in the designing process of LAB starter cultures, to protect the typical organoleptic characteristics of traditional yoghurt. The results could also be used to introduce new starter cultures for commercial use

Reproductive effects of dietary soy phytoestrogens, genistein and equol on farmed female beluga, Huso huso

In this study, 54 five-year-old farmed female beluga at stage II of sexual maturation were treated with 0 [control], 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 g of dietary soy equol [EQ] and genistein [GE] per each kilogram [kg] of diet during a year. Blood samples were collected and ovarian biopsy was performed quarterly. Results showed that 64.4% of the Huso huso sexually matured at EQ 0.4 g/kg and reached stage IV of sexual maturation. Oocytes diameters increased significantly at all concentrations of EQ and 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 concentrations of GE and reached a maximum [3 +/- 0.2 mm] at 0.4 g/kg EQ concentration at the end of experiment [P<0.05]. Blood plasma testosterone [T] level was 0.3 +/- 0.06 ng/ml at the beginning and reached a maximum [21.04 +/- 1.91 ng/ml] at EQ 0.4 g/kg at the end of the experiment [P<0.05]. 17a-estradiol [E2] levels increased significantly at some concentrations of GE and EQ at the end as compared to the beginning, reaching a maximum [12.6 +/- 1.04 ng/ml] at EQ 0.4 g/kg at the end of the experiment [P<0.05]. 17- hydroxy progesterone [17á-OHP] levels showed no significant difference [P>0.05]. In conclusion, EQ at a 0.4 g/kg concentration showed more powerful positive reproductive effects than other concentrations of EQ and GE in farmed female H. huso. Comparatively, EQ showed more estrogenic effects on ovary development in comparison to GE concentrations. Its use is therefore suggested as an additive to diets to induce ovary development in Huso huso

[Effects of standardized extract of ginseng [G115] on biomarkers of systemic low-grade inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes: a double-blind clinical trial]

Systemic Inflammation plays a crutal play in the development of cardiovascular disease in patients with Type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of standardized extract of ginseng [G115] in Biomarkers of Systemic Low-Grade Inflammation in patients with Type 2 diabetes. This randomized, double-blind trial was performed on 40 patients with type 2 diabetes [28 females and 12 males] were randomly assigned to two groups. Group one were given 300 mg [3×100 mg capsules] standardized extract of ginseng, while group 2 took placebos. After eight weeks, anthropometric indices, glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1c], interleukin 6 [IL6], tumor necrosis factor [TNFalpha] and high sensitive C- Reactive Protein [hsCRP] were studied. In the present study, no significant differences were observed in anthropometric indices, glycated hemoglobin and TNFalpha in the intervention and placebo groups before and after intervention. At the end of the study, a significant reduction was observed in IL6 [8.43 +/- 1.17 vs. 6.79 +/- 1.39 ng/L] and hsCRP [3.61 +/- 0.49 vs. 3.03 +/- 0.33 mg/dL] in the treatment group. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in IL6 [6.79 +/- 1.39 vs. 7.85 +/- 0.69 ng/L] and hsCRP [3.03 +/- 0.33 vs. 3.49 +/- 0.39 mg/dL] between the intervention and placebo groups at the end of the study. Administration of standardized ginseng extract for eight weeks caused reductions in IL6 and hsCRP in patients with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, administration of standardized extract of ginseng may play an effective role in the management of these patients

effects of herbal plants on Mucin 2 gene expression and performance in ascetic broilers

The mucus layer plays an important role as an intermediate for the protection of the gut against acidic chyme, digestive enzymes, and pathogens; in addition, it acts as a lubricant and facilitator of nutrient transportation. Phytogenic compounds seem to promote intestinal mucus production. The current study was conducted to investigate the effects of low and high levels of energy and amino acids in combination with turmeric, thyme, and cinnamon on chicken performance and expression of mucin 2 gene. The eight experimental groups consisted of diluted and condensed diet with and without the addition of 5g/kg of each turmeric, thyme, and cinnamon to the diet. Chicken performance was recorded. Expression analysis of the mucin 2 gene was carried out by quantitative RT-PCR. Body weight gain, feed intake, FCR, and mortality rate were not affected by diets [p>0.05]. A significant [p<0.05] reduction of the mucin 2 gene expression was observed in chickens fed by condensed diet; however, the expression increased by supplementation of turmeric, thyme, and cinnamon. These results, in addition to the function of herbs in increasing the activity of some enzymes which is possibly related to the mucin biological pathways, showed that the application of turmeric, thyme, and cinnamon could be useful in poultry diets. It appears that supplementation of turmeric, thyme, and cinnamon could increase mucin 2 gene expression in the small intestine, and this can improve intestinal digestive function and defense

[Related factors with academic burnout in nursing and paramedics students of Qom university of medical sciences in 2014]

Introduction: Academic burnout is the feeling of inadequacy and mental fatigue induced by chronic stress in students lacking the necessary resources to carry out their duties and tasks assigned to them. This study was conducted to determine the status of academic burnout and related factors

Method: In this cross-sectional study 264 students at nursing, anesthesia, operating room and medical emergencies were randomly selected. Demographic information - Education and Academic burnout was used to collect data. Reliability and validity of the scale was determined with Cronbach's. After entering data into SPSS version 16, we used descriptive statistics and logistic regression

Results: Mean [ +/- SD] score of the academic burnout of students participated in the study was [28.52 +/- 15.84] and overall 24.1% and 46.6% of students had high and moderate level of academic burnout respectively. Based on the results obtained from multivariate GPA [grade point average] in emotional exhaustion [OR:0.75 95%CI:0.58-0.96] and cynicism subscales [OR:0.73 95%CI:0.56-0.96] were significantly related to academic burnout and in inefficacy subscale GPA[OR:0.68 95%CI:0.5-0.92], residing at personal home [OR:4.10 95%CI:1.27-13.20] and studying anesthesiology [OR:3.19 95%CI:1.12-9.10] were significantly related to academic burnout [P<0.05]

Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study a significant percentage of students were experiencing academic burnout. GPA had a protection role against academic burnout and studying anesthesia and living in your own home were risk factors for academic burnout. GPA scores for the two subscales were significantly related to emotional exhaustion and doubts, therefore planning to improve academic burnout can improve the academic performance of the students

new method for sulfur components removal from sour gas through application of zinc and iron oxides nanoparticles

Use of zinc and iron oxide are common in the desulfurization process from natural gas. In this research, after determinations of the size and specifications through TEM and XRD for each of the metal oxides, two different size ratios were used, 0.66 for zinc oxide and 0.142 for iron oxide. Further, absorption of sulfur compounds in gas [hydrogen sulfide [H[2]S], carbonyl sulfide [COS], methyl mercaptan [C[1]H], ethyl mercaptan [C[2]SH], dimethyl sulfide [DMS], and carbon disulflde [CS[2]] were evaluated at 26°C, 15 psi. The separation and identification processes of the sulfur components were measured by gas chromatography with a chemical luminescence sulfur detector. Results show that particle size variation in zinc oxide increased the sulfur removal from H[2], C[1]SH and C[2]SH from 9.4% to 15.8%, but in the case of COS, DMS and CS, no significant sulfur removal was observed. Further, with reduction of iron oxide particle size [from 0.140 um to 20 nm], the sulfur removal rate increased from 37.9 to 63.1% in all of the natural gas components

Determination of trace elements concentration in wet and dry atmospheric deposition and surface soil in the largest industrial city, southwest of Iran

Dry and wet atmospheric depositions as well as urban surface soil samples were collected in eight different land use zones [during 2010] of the most important and largest industrial city, southwest Iran for determining Cadmium, Chromium, Lead and Zinc. The average of Cd, Cr, Pb and Zn concentrations in the study area for wet precipitation were 17.8 microg/L, 49.97 microg /L, 2.31 microg/L, and 0.53 microg/L, respectively. Also, the mean levels of mentioned elements were 0.144 mg/nr.day, 0.457 mg/m:.day, 0.091 mg/nr.day, and 0.0017 mg/ nr.day, respectively in dry deposition samples. Moreover, the average amounts of Pb, Zn, Cr, and Cd were recorded for soil samples as a value of 64.2 mg/kg, 197.3 mg/kg, 61.24 mg/kg and 0.73 mg/kg. As a result, the trend of metal concentrations in all media were similar and decreased as Zn> Pb> Cr> Cd. The high contamination levels of heavy metals indicate that they have been significantly impacted from anthropogenic activities [non-ferrous metal smelting, fossil fuel combustion, pit burning, gas flaring and traffic sources]. According to analysis results, the significantly positively correlations between Cd-Pb, Pb-Zn and Zn-Cd were shown in all three environments

Transferring of Hg concentration from ambient air to rain water and surface soil in an industrial urban area

Mercury is a dangerous and an extremely toxic element, which can transfer to the food chain. Presence of this element in the atmosphere particularly during the rainy seasons cause soil and environmental pollution, therefore this research will evaluate the transformation of mercury vapor from the atmosphere through precipitation into the soil. In the present study, mercury concentrations were determined during two seasons [winter and summer 2011] with 6 air, 14 rainwater and 6 soil, sampling stations. Collection, preparation and analysis of the air, rain, soil samples were based on NIOSH 6009, EPA1631 and EPA 7000 methods, respectively. Mercury concentration was determined by using cold vapor atomic absorption after sample preparation. The results show that the mean mercury vapour concentration in the air samples of Ahvaz city in winter and summer were 3.749 +/- 2.625 ng/m[3] and 2.379 +/- 0.984 ng/m[3], respectively. Further, the range of this pollutant in the air of studied area during the summer and winter seasons were 1.83-3.962 ng/m[3] and 1.394-5.00 microg/m[3], respectively. The highest value of Hg concentration in the rainwater sample was 0.77 +/- 0.0019 ppb and the mean concentration of mercury in the surface soil samples of the city was 0.511 microg/g in winter. Finally, Mercury comparison between results of air and soil samples as well as air and precipitation samples at the winter season [p<0.01] showed a significant relationship

[Gap analysis between expectations and perceptions on total quality management in private Gorgan's rehabilitation centers by using fuzzy logic]

Rehabilitation service is one the most important aspect of health system services. If quality is not appropriate, disability could increase in society. Total Quality Management [TQM] can make revolution to achieve the desired quality. The aim of this study was to determine gap analysis between expectations and perceptions on Total Quality Management in private Gorgan's rehabilitation centers by using Fuzzy logic. This study was a descriptive-analytical, survey. Samples were selected from staffs of private Gorgan's rehabilitation centers. Two survey questioners of "Measurement Gap between Expectations" and "Perceptions of TQM Components" was used. Validity of the questionnaires were measured by Content Validity Ratio [CVR] and Content Validity Index [CVI], which was 0.83 for both questionnaires and reliability was confirmed by internal consistency [alpha =0.932]. After collecting questionnaires, questionnaires were analyzed by SPSS/17, EXCEL 2007. The total fuzzy average of expectation with 0.822, 0.923, and 0.982values, was more than total fuzzy average of perceptions [0.59, 0.71, and 0.83]. Furthermore, findings showed a significant difference between expectations and perceptions in all factors of TQM. There was a significant difference between all factors of total quality management. It means that staffs mentioned present condition is lower than optimum condition and the organizations couldn't supply their staffs' expectations

[Study the effect of "constraint-induced movement therapy" on symmetry of spatiotemporal gait parameters in hemiparetic patients]

Balance and gait disorders are common motor complications after stroke. Studies have revealed that conventional physiotherapy cannot manage these disorders efficiently, so more studies addressing causes of these complications and presenting efficient treatment protocols are crucial. Concerning the significant effect of Constraint Induced Movement Therapy on treatment of upper limbs motor impairments in hemiparetic patients, the goal of this study is to assess the effect of "Constraint Induced Movement Therapy" on symmetry of spatiotemporal gait parameters and velocity of gait in hemiparetic patients. Thirty hemiparetic patients [aged from 40 to 60 years] participated in this study. Patients were divided randomly into 2 groups. They received constraint induced movement therapy [group1] and mass practice [group 2] for 3 weeks. Experimental assessments of patients included stride velocity and symmetry of spatiotemporal gait parameters [spatial step symmetry, temporal stance symmetry, temporal swing asymmetry, overall temporal asymmetry] that were recorded and compared before and after treatment. In addition, the amount of weight bearing asymmetry was assessed via dual force platform. In both groups, stride velocity increased [p=0.03, p=0.01]. In group A, spatial step symmetry increased [p=0.02].Temporal swing asymmetry and overall temporal asymmetry decreased [p=0.01]. In group B, only temporal swing asymmetry decreased [p=0.02]. Physical therapy by "constraint induced movement therapy" can improve symmetry of spatiotemporal gait parameters efficiently through overcoming the "learned non use" phenomenon and improving the somatosensory deafferentation to motor controller centers